(large) van

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building

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Mies van der Rohe was the son of a stonemason and his early constructional training came from his father. As a young man he gained experience of the modern school from study of the architecture of the earlier leaders, notably Peter Behrens, Hendrik Berlage and Frank Lloyd Wright. He commenced architectural practice in 1913 and soon after the First World War was establishing his own version of modern architecture. His building materials were always of the highest quality, of marble, stone, glass and, especially, steel. He stripped his designs of all extraneous decoration: more than any of his contemporaries he followed the theme of elegance, functionalism and an ascetic concentration on essentials. He believed that architectural design should not look backwards but should reflect the contemporary achievement of advanced technology in both its construction and the materials used, and he began early in his career to act upon these beliefs. Typical was his early concrete and glass office building of 1922, after which, more importantly, came his designs for the German Pavilion at the Barcelona Exposition of 1929. These designs included his famous Barcelona chair, made from chrome steel and leather in a geometrical design, one which has survived as a classic and is still in production. Another milestone was his Tugendhat House in Brno (1930), a long, low, rectilinear structure in glass and steel that set a pattern for many later buildings of this type. In 1930 Mies followed his colleagues as third Director of the Bauhaus, but due to the rise of National Socialism in Germany it was closed in 1933. He finally left Germany for the USA in 1937, and the following year he took up his post as Director of Architecture in Chicago at what is now known as the Illinois Institute of Technology and where he remained for twenty years. In America Mies van der Rohe continued to develop his work upon his original thesis. His buildings are always recognizable for their elegance, fine proportions, high-quality materials and clean, geometrical forms; nearly all are of glass and steel in rectangular shapes. The structure and design evolved according to the individual needs of each commission, and there were three fundamental types of design. One type was the single or grouped high-rise tower, built for apartments for the wealthy, as in his Lake Shore Drive Apartments in Chicago (1948–51), or for city-centre offices, as in his Seagram Building in New York (1954–8, with Philip Johnson) or his Chicago Federal Centre (1964). Another form was the long, low rectangle based upon the earlier Tugendhat House and seen again in the New National Gallery in Berlin (1965–8). Third, there were the grouped schemes when the commission called for buildings of varied purpose on a single, large site. Here Mies van der Rohe achieved a variety and interest in the different shapes and heights of buildings set out in spatial harmony of landscape. Some examples of this type of scheme were housing estates (Lafayette Park Housing Development in Detroit, 1955–6), while others were for educational, commercial or shopping requirements, as at the Toronto Dominion Centre (1963–9).

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Russian\ \ закон больших чисел

Russian\ \ закон больших чисел Пуассона

Russian\ \ сильный закон больших чисел

the problem of hunger is beginning to get serious in large areas of the world

the sea washes away large portions of this land

form/represent a large part of the cost

a large section of the population

a large-bore weapon

it is misused on a large scale

commission someone to build a large house

in large sections of the population

n. gannet, large seabird

adj. large-minded

• law of large numbers

that's a tall order!, that's a large order!

have a large family

have a large family

fourgon [fuʀgɔ̃]

• fourgon blindé armoured van

• fourgon cellulaire police van (Brit) patrol wagon (US)

• fourgon postal mail van

* * *

nom masculin

1) ( camion) van

2) Chemin de Fer goods wagon GB, freight car US

•

- fourgon à bagages

- fourgon à bestiaux

- fourgon cellulaire

- fourgon mortuaire

- fourgon postal

* * *

1) (= automobile) van

2) CHEMINS DE FER wagon

3)

* * *

fourgon nm

1 ( camion) van;

2 Rail goods wagon GB, freight car US; fourgon de tête leading wagon GB, first car US; fourgon de queue last wagon GB, caboose US;

3 ( de pompiers) ( à pompe) fire engine; ( à réservoir) water tender;

4 ( pique-feu) poker.

fourgon à bagages luggage van GB, baggage car US; fourgon à bestiaux cattle truck; fourgon cellulaire police van GB, patrol wagon US; fourgon de déménagement removal van GB, moving van US; fourgon mortuaire hearse; fourgon postal mail van GB, mail truck US.

[furgɔ̃] nom masculin

1. [voiture] van

2. RAIL coach, waggon (UK)

3. [tige de métal] poker

I 〈 bijvoeglijk naamwoord〉

1 [van meer dan gemiddelde afmeting] big ⇒ large, 〈 muziek〉 major

2 [lang] big 〈 vaak kind〉 ⇒ tall

3 [ouder] big ⇒ 〈 volwassen〉 grown-up

4 [de genoemde afmeting hebbend] in size

5 [uitgebreid] great

6 [belangrijk] great

7 [intens] great

8 [uitmuntend] great

♦voorbeelden:

1   in D groot • in (the key of) D major

     een veel te grote jas • a jacket which is much too big/large

     een tamelijk grote kamer • quite a big/large room

     de kans is groot dat … • there's a good chance that …

     de kans is niet groot dat … • there's not much of a chance that …

     een zo groot mogelijk stuk • as big/large a piece as possible

     dat is de grootst mogelijke onzin • that is utter/absolute nonsense

     groter gaan wonen • move (in)to a bigger house

     op één na de grootste • the next to largest

2   wat ben jij groot geworden! • how you've grown!

     hij wordt groter dan zijn vader • he's going to be taller than his father

     de grootste van de twee • the bigger of the two

     de grootste van de drie • the biggest of the three

     hij is 5 cm groter dan zij • he is 5 cm taller than she is

3   zij heeft al grote kinderen • she's (already) got grown-up children

     de grote mensen • the grown-ups

     voor groot en klein • for young and old

     als ik groot ben, word ik popzanger • I'm going to be a pop singer when I grow up

     daar ben je te groot voor • you're too big for that (sort of thing)

4   het stuk land is twee hectare groot • that piece of land is two hectares in area

     het tekort is tien miljoen groot • the size of the deficit is ten million(s)

     〈 informeel〉 hoe groot is de schade? • what is the extent of the damage?; 〈 informeel〉 what's the damage?

     twee keer zo groot als deze kamer • twice as big as this room

5   een groot gezin • a large family

     een grote hoeveelheid geld • a large amount of money

     Groot Londen • Greater London

     een steeds groter aantal • _an increasing/a growing number

     hij doet alles in het groot • he does everything on a big/large scale

     in het groot inkopen/verkopen • buy/sell in bulk

6   een grote weg • a major/main road, a highway

7   iemand groot verdriet doen • hurt someone deeply

     tot mijn grote verrassing/spijt • 〈 ook〉 much to my surprise/regret

     daar ben ik een groot voorstander van • I'm all in favour of it

8   Karel de Grote • Charlemagne

¶   zich groot houden • keep a stiff upper lip, keep up appearances

II 〈 bijwoord〉

1 [op grote wijze] 〈zie voorbeelden 1〉

♦voorbeelden:

1   je hebt groot gelijk! • you are quite/perfectly right!